The removal of a tooth that is severely decayed, broken, loose, or is causing crowding.
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Restoring lost tooth structure with porcelain or composite resin. Used as part of the treatment of cavities.
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Treatment against gum disease, involving removal of hardened plaque (tartar or calculus) from teeth. Performed by a dental hygienist during prophylaxis (dental cleaning) or in more extreme cases by a periodontist.
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A custom-made cast gold or porcelain alloy, that is cemented to a previously prepared cavity in the tooth. A stronger and longer-lasting alternative to amalgam or composite filling.
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A veneers is a thin porcelain or plastic shell bonded to a tooth to improve its colour and shape. Although they can be made from different materials, porcelain is frequently used because of its durability and realistic appearance. Veneers are a more conservative alternative to crowns, since they require less removal of the tooth's original surface. With veneers in place, patients can expect straighter, whiter, and more even-looking teeth.

The Procedure

On the first day, the patient and the dentist discuss the process of placing veneers and the options available (e.g. types and shades of veneers). On your next visit, the dentist removes a very small layer of each tooth's outer enamel with local anesthesia if necessary. The dentist makes a mould of the teeth, then the technicians create customized veneers for the teeth. The lab prepares the veneers in one day. During this process the teeth have a slightly different appearance because of the removal of the outer layer of enamel. On the third day, when the veneers are ready, the patient undergoes a final treatment, where the dentist applies the veneer to the tooth using a bonding material, which exposed to light, dries and hardens easily.
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When a tooth is cracked, decayed, or damaged, a crown may need to be fitted onto the tooth. A crown is a permanent covering that fits over the original tooth. Crowns can be made from porcelain, gold and other metals or acrylic resin. Porcelain crowns typically have the most realistic look, although they tend to be less durable than other materials. Crowns can whiten, reshape, and realign existing teeth, adding to a healthy and brilliant smile.

Preparing the Tooth and Crown

During your first visit, the dentist anesthetizes the tooth to be crowned and removes the decay in or around it. The tooth is then resculpted to provide an easy fitting for the crown. This is a painless process simply performed in the dentist's chair.
An impression of your teeth is then taken and sent to the dental lab where permanent, custom-made crowns are created (this usually takes weeks in the UK because of capacity problems). During this interim period, temporary crowns, made from acrylic resin, are placed onto the teeth.

Applying the Crown

On your next visit, the dentist removes the temporary crown and fits the permanent crown onto the teeth to make sure the crown has the proper look and fits well and then cements the crown in place.
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Bridges (5-7 days)

A bridge is a device used to fill the space where a tooth has fallen out or been removed. A typical bridge consists of a pontic (a filler tooth) that is attached to two surrounding crowns (abutments). Once complete, the bridge structure is placed into the mouth. Without the use of a bridge, the space left by missing teeth can cause multiple teeth to shift possibly leading to occlusion (biting) or jaw problems and periodontal disease. Bridges safeguard the integrity of existing teeth and help maintain a healthy and radiant smile.

The Process

Bridges usually require two visits. On the first visit, the surrounding teeth are locally anesthetized. The dentist prepares the surrounding teeth by cleaning and reducing any remaining plaque or decay so that the crowns can be fitted. The dentist makes a mold of the teeth and sends it to a dental lab, where on the basis of the mould a customized skeleton is built. In the interim, patients are fitted with a temporary bridge made from acrylic resin. When the patient returns to the clinic, the dentist removes the temporary bridge and replaces it with the permanent one. The dentist then shapes the bridge for the proper bite and fit, and the bridge is permanently built.
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Implants

Dental implants are artificial abutment teeth made from a unique bio material and applied in the place of the lost tooth to hold a tooth replacement. The material is pure, unalloyed titanium which is not rejected by the human tissue.

Dentures

When multiple teeth are extracted, dentures may be the most appropriate solution. Dentures can give you a natural and healthy looking set of teeth and can greatly enhance the beauty of your smile and your self-esteem.

Complete and Partial Dentures

Many types of dentures exist, including complete and partial dentures. Complete dentures are used when few of the original teeth remain. The dentist begins by removing any remaining teeth so the dentures can be fitted. Then a mould of the gums is made to be sent to a dental lab, where customized dentures are built. Patients are typically fitted with temporary dentures until the permanent set of dentures have returned from the laboratory. Partial dentures are prepared in much the same way as a complete set, and are utilized when only a few teeth are missing.

Over Dentures

Most patients with complete dentures are dissatisfied with the limited retention and stability of their prosthetis, however, these patients usually have extensive bone loss. One way of solving this problem is to construct a dental plate that extends over and attaches to 4 implants, which are placed in the upper or lower jaw. A retainer bar is placed on the implants and special attachments are inserted into the denture to fix the retention device.
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Tooth Whitening

Tooth whitening can be a highly effective way of lightening the natural colour of your teeth without removing any of the tooth surface.

There are a number of reasons why you might want your teeth whitened. Everyone is different, and just as the colour of our hair and skin varies, so does the colour of our teeth. Very few people have brilliantly white teeth, and with age our teeth may also lose they natural colour.

The surface of our teeth can heavily discolour from smoking, various foods and drinks such as tea, coffee or red wine.

Calculus or tartar can also affect the colour of teeth. Some people may have staining under the surface, which can be caused by certain antibiotics or infnetisemal cracks in the teeth which help stain development.

The latest technique for white teeth is laser whitening or "power whitening". During this procedure a rubber dam is put over your teeth to protect the gums, and a bleaching agent is applied onto your teeth. Then a special laser light is projected on the teeth to activate the chemical. The light accelerates the chemical reaction of the whitening agent and whitening is more quickly achieved. The laser whitening technique can whiten your teeth 5-6 shades brighter.

The active ingredient in the bleaching agent is typically hydrogen peroxide or carbamide peroxide. As the active ingredient is broken down, oxygen gets into the enamel on the teeth and the tooth colour is made lighter.
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